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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
ABSORPTION RATE (Back to top)
The ratio of the number of properties in an area that have been sold against the number available Used to show the volatility of a market
ABSTRACTION METHOD (Back to top)
This method of estimating the value of property uses similar properties available in the same market to extract the value of a parcel of land
ACCELERATION CLAUSE (Back to top)
A provision in a mortgage that gives the lender the right to demand immediate payment of the outstanding loan balance under certain circumstances Usually when the borrower defaults on the loan
ACCESSORY BUILDING (Back to top)
A building separate from the main structure on a property Often used for a specific purpose, such as a workshop, storage shed or garage
ACCRETION (Back to top)
The natural growth of a piece of land resulting from forces of nature
ACRE (Back to top)
43,560 square feet A measurement of area
ACTUAL AGE (Back to top)
The amount of time that has passed since a building or other structure was built See also: EFFECTIVE AGE
ADJUSTMENT DATE (Back to top)
The date the interest rate changes on an adjustable rate mortgage
AD VALOREM TAX (Back to top)
Taxes assessed based on the value of the land and improvements
ADDENDUM (Back to top)
A supplement to any document that contains additional information pertinent to the subject Appraisers use an addendum to further explain items for which there was inadequate space on the standard appraisal form
ADJUSTABLE-RATE MORTGAGE (ARM) (Back to top)
A type of mortgage where the interest rate varies based on a particular index, normally the prime lending rate
ADJUSTED BASIS (Back to top)
The value of an asset (property or otherwise) that includes the original price plus the value of any improvement, and less any applicable depreciation
ADJUSTED SALES PRICE (Back to top)
An opinion of a property's sales price, after adjustments have been made to account for differences between it and another comparable property
AESTHETIC VALUE (Back to top)
The additional value a property enjoys based on subjective criteria such as look or appeal
AFFIRMATION (Back to top)
A declaration that a certain set of facts are truthful
AFFORDABILITY ANALYSIS (Back to top)
A calculation used to determine an individual's likelihood of being able to meet the obligations of a mortgage for a particular property Takes into account the down payment, closing costs and on-going mortgage payments
AGENT (Back to top)
A person who has been appointed to act on behalf of another for a particular transaction
AMENITY (Back to top)
Any feature of a property that increases its value or desirability These might include natural amenities such as location or proximity to mountains, or man-made amenities like swimming pools, parks or other recreation
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF APPRAISERS (Back to top)
An organization of appraisal professionals and others interested in the appraisal profession
AMORTIZATION (Back to top)
The repayment of a loan through regular periodic payment
AMORTIZATION SCHEDULE (Back to top)
The breakdown of individual payments throughout the life of an amortized loan, showing both principal contribution and debt service (interest) fees
AMORTIZATION TERM (Back to top)
The length of time over which an amortized loan is repaid Mortgages are commonly amortized over 15 or 30 years
AMPERAGE (Back to top)
A measure of electric current describing the magnitude
ANNUAL PERCENTAGE RATE (APR) (Back to top)
The rate of annual interest charged on a loan
ANNUITY (Back to top)
A sum of money paid at regular intervals, often annually
APPLICATION (Back to top)
A form used to apply for a mortgage loan that details a potential borrower's income, debt, savings and other information used to determine credit worthiness
APPRAISAL (Back to top)
A ''defensible'' and carefully documented opinion of value Most commonly derived using recent sales of comparable properties by a licensed, professional appraiser
APPRAISAL FOUNDATION (Back to top)
A not-for-profit educational organization established by the appraisal profession in the United States in 1987 It is dedicated to the advancement of professional valuation and responsible for establishing, improving, and promoting the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP)
APPRAISAL INSTITUTE (Back to top)
A world-wide organization dedicated to real estate appraisal education, publication and advocacy
APPRAISAL PRINCIPLES (Back to top)
The basic building blocks of the property valuation process, including property inspection, market analysis and basic economics
APPRAISAL REPORT (Back to top)
The end result of the appraisal process usually consists of one major standardized form such as, the Uniform Residential Appraisal Report form 1004, as well as all supporting documentation and additional detail information The purpose of the report is to convey the opinion of value of the subject property and support that opinion with corroborating information
APPRAISAL STANDARDS BOARD (ASB) (Back to top)
An independent board of the APPRAISAL FOUNDATION, which writes, amends, and interprets USPAP The ASB is composed of up to seven appraisers appointed by the Foundation's Board of Trustees The ASB holds public meetings throughout the year to interpret and amend USPAP
APPRAISED VALUE (Back to top)
An opinion of the fair market value of a property as developed by a licensed, certified appraiser following accepted appraisal principals
APPRAISER (Back to top)
An educated, certified professional with extensive knowledge of real estate markets, values and practices The appraiser is often the only independent voice in any real estate transaction with no vested interest in the ultimate value or sales price of the property
APPRECIATION (Back to top)
The natural rise in property value due to market forces
ARMS LENGTH TRANSACTION (Back to top)
Any transaction in which the two parties are unconnected and have no overt common interests Such a transaction most often reflects the true market value of a property
ASSESSED VALUE (Back to top)
The value of a property according to jurisdictional tax assessment
ASSESSMENT (Back to top)
The function of assigning a value to a property for the purpose of levying taxes
ASSESSMENT RATIO (Back to top)
The comparative relationship of a property's assessed value to its market value
ASSESSOR (Back to top)
The jurisdictional official who performs the assessment and assigns the value of a property
ASSET (Back to top)
Any item of value which a person owns
ASSIGNMENT (Back to top)
Transfer of ownership of a mortgage usually when the loan is sold to another company
ASSUMABLE MORTGAGE (Back to top)
A mortgage that can be taken over by the buyer when a home is sold
ASSUMPTION (Back to top)
When a buyer takes over, or "assumes" the sellers mortgage
ATTACHED HOUSING (Back to top)
Any number of houses or other dwellings which are physically attached to one another, but are occupied by a number of different people The individual houses may or may not be owned by separate people as well
BACKFILL (Back to top)
The slope of the ground around a house
BALL COCK VALVE (Back to top)
The valve inside a toilet tank that controls the filling of the tank
BALLOON MORTGAGE (Back to top)
A mortgage loan in which the monthly payments are not large enough to repay the loan by the end of the term So at the end of the term, the remaining balance comes due in a single large payment
BALLOON PAYMENT (Back to top)
The final large payment at the end of a balloon mortgage term
BANKRUPTCY (Back to top)
When a person or business is unable to pay their debts and seeks protection of the state against creditors Bankruptcies remain on credit records for up to ten years and can prevent a person from being able to get a loan
BEAM (Back to top)
A structural supporting member
BILL OF SALE (Back to top)
A physical receipt indicating the sale of property
BIWEEKLY MORTGAGE (Back to top)
A mortgage where you make "half payments" every two weeks, rather than one payment per month This results in making the equivalent of 13 monthly payments per year, rather than 12, significantly reducing the time it takes to pay off a thirty year mortgage
BLIGHTED AREA (Back to top)
Any region of a city or town that has fallen into disrepair or otherwise has become undesirable
BONA FIDE (Back to top)
Any genuine offer, made without intent to defraud or deceive
BRIDGE FINANCING (Back to top)
An interim loan made to facilitate the purchase of a new home before the buyer's current residence sells and its equity is available to fund the new purchase
BRIDGING (Back to top)
Structural members used between beams to strengthen the structure
BROKER (Back to top)
An individual who facilitates the purchase of property by bringing together a buyer and a seller
BTU (Back to top)
British Thermal Unit A unit of measurement used to describe heating or cooling capacity
BUFFER ZONE (Back to top)
A segment of land between two disparate municipal zones which acts as a shield to keep one zone from encroaching upon the other Often used to separate residential districts from commercial areas
BUILDING CODE (Back to top)
Regulations that ensure the safety and material compliance of new construction within a municipality Building codes are localized to ensure they are adequate to meet the risk of common hazards
BUILDING LINE OR SETBACK (Back to top)
The statutory distance between buildings and the property line, imposed by municipalities, home associations, or other agreements
BUILT-INS (Back to top)
Specific items of personal property which are installed in a real estate improvement such that they become part of the building Built-in microwave ovens and dishwashers are common examples
BUNGALOW (Back to top)
A one-story, home-style dating from the early twentieth century Often characterized by a low-pitched roof
BUY DOWN (Back to top)
Extra money paid in a lump sum to reduce the interest rate of a fixed rate mortgage for a period of time The extra money may be paid by the borrower, in order to have a lower payment at the beginning of the mortgage Or paid by the seller, or lender, as incentive to buy the property or take on the mortgage
BX CABLE (Back to top)
Electrical cable shrouded in a galvanized steel outer cover
CALL OPTION (Back to top)
A clause in a mortgage which allows the lender to demand payment of the outstanding balance at a specific time
CAP (Back to top)
Associated with Adjustable Rate Mortgages A limit on how high monthly payments or how much interest rates may change within a certain time period or the life of the mortgage
CAPE COD COLONIAL (Back to top)
A single-story house style made popular in New England Often characterized by a steep roof with gables
CAPITAL (Back to top)
Accumulated goods and money which is most often used to generate additional income
CAPITAL EXPENDITURE (Back to top)
An outlay of funds designed to improve the income-producing capabilities of an asset or to extend its economic life
CASH-OUT REFINANCE (Back to top)
Refinancing a mortgage at a higher amount than the current balance in order to transform a portion of the equity into cash
CAULKING (Back to top)
A pliable material used to seal cracks or openings such as around windows
CAVEAT EMPTOR (Back to top)
Literally translated: ''Let the buyer beware'' A common business tenet whereby the buyer is responsible for verifying any and all claims by the seller of property
CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT (Back to top)
A document showing that the bearer has a certain amount of money, at a particular amount interest, on deposit with a financial institution
CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT INDEX (Back to top)
An index based on the interest rate of six month CD's Used to set interest rates on some Adjustable Rate Mortgages
CERTIFICATE OF ELIGIBILITY (Back to top)
A document issued by the Veterans Administration that certifies eligibility for a VA loan
CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY (Back to top)
Issued by an appropriate jurisdictional entity, this document certifies that a building complies with all building codes and is safe for use or habitation
CERTIFICATE OF REASONABLE VALUE (CRV) (Back to top)
Usually based on an independent appraisal, a CRV for a particular property establishes the maximum amount which can be secured by a VA mortgage
CERTIFICATE OF TITLE (Back to top)
A document designating the legal owner of a parcel of real estate Usually provided by a title or abstract company
CERTIFIED GENERAL APPRAISER (Back to top)
Generally, any professional who has met the local or state requirements, and passed the appropriate certification exam, and is capable of appraising any type of property
CERTIFIED RESIDENTIAL APPRAISER (Back to top)
A sub-classification of appraiser who is only licensed to appraise residential property, usually up to four units
CHAIN OF TITLE (Back to top)
The complete history of ownership of a piece of property
CHATTEL (Back to top)
Any personal property which is not attached to or an integral part of a property Chattel is not commonly taken into consideration when appraising the value of real property
CIRCUIT BREAKERS (Back to top)
Electrical devices which automatically open electrical circuits if they are overloaded
CLEAR TITLE (Back to top)
Ownership of property that is not encumbered by any counter-claim or lien
CLOSING (Back to top)
A torturous process designed to induce cramping in a home buyer's hands by requiring signature on countless pieces of documentation that nobody has ever read Or, the process whereby the sale of a property is consummated with the buyer completing all applicable documentation, including signing the mortgage obligation and paying all appropriate costs associated with the sale (CLOSING COSTS)
CLOSING COSTS (Back to top)
All appropriate costs generated by the sale of property which the parties must pay to complete the transaction Costs may include appraisal fees, origination fees, title insurance, taxes and any points negotiated in the deal
CLOSING STATEMENT (Back to top)
The document detailing the final financial arrangement between a buyer and seller and the costs paid by each
CO-BORROWER (Back to top)
A second person sharing obligation on the loan and title on the property
COLLATERAL (Back to top)
An asset which is placed at risk to secure the repayment of a loan
COLLECTION (Back to top)
The process a lender takes to pursue a borrower who is delinquent on his payments in order to bring the mortgage current again Includes documentation that may be used in foreclosure
CO-MAKER (Back to top)
A second party who signs a loan, along with the borrower, and becomes liable for the debt should the borrower default
COMMON LAW (Back to top)
As opposed to statute law Laws that have been established by custom, usage and courts over many years
COMMISSION (Back to top)
A percentage of the sales price or a fixed fee negotiated by an agent to compensate for the effort expended to sell or purchase property
COMMON AREA ASSESSMENTS (Back to top)
Fees which are charged to the tenets or owners of properties to cover the costs of maintaining areas shared with other tenets or owners Commonly found in condominium, PUD or office spaces
COMMON AREAS (Back to top)
Any areas, such as entryways, foyers, pools, recreational facilities or the like, which are shared by the tenets or owners of property near by Commonly found in condominium, PUD or office spaces
COMMUNITY PROPERTY (Back to top)
In many jurisdictions, any property which has been acquired by a married couple The ownership of the property is considered equal unless stipulated otherwise by both parties
COMPARABLES (Back to top)
An abbreviated term used by appraisers to describe properties which are similar in size, condition, location and amenities to a subject property whose value is being determined The Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) establish clear guidelines for determining a comparable property
COMPOUND INTEREST (Back to top)
Interest paid on the principal amount, as well as any accumulated interest
CONCESSIONS (Back to top)
Additional value granted by a buyer or seller to entice another party to complete a deal
CONDEMNATION (Back to top)
The official process by which a property is deemed to be uninhabitable or unusable due to internal damage or other external conditions
CONDENSATION (Back to top)
The transition of water vapor to liquid Typically forms in areas of high humidity
CONDOMINIUM (Back to top)
A development where individual units are owned, but common areas and amenities are shared equally by all owners
CONDOMINIUM CONVERSION (Back to top)
Commonly, the conversion of a rental property such as an apartment complex into a CONDOMINIUM-style complex where each unit is owned rather than leased
CONDUIT (Back to top)
The pipe through which electric wiring is run
CONSTRUCTION LOAN (Back to top)
A loan made to a builder or home owner that finances the initial construction of a property, but is replaced by a traditional mortgage one the property is completed
CONTIGUOUS (Back to top)
Connected to or touching along an unbroken boundary
CONTINGENCY (Back to top)
Something that must occur before something else happens Often used in real estate sales when a buyer must sell a current home before purchasing a new one Or, when a buyer makes an offer that requires a complete home inspection before it becomes official
CONTRACT (Back to top)
A legally binding agreement, oral or written, between two parties
CONVENTIONAL MORTGAGE (Back to top)
A traditional, real estate financing mechanism that is not backed by any government or other agency (FHA, VA, etc)
CONVERTIBLE ARM (Back to top)
A mortgage that begins as and adjustable, that allows the borrower to convert the loan to a fixed rate within a specific timeframe
COOPERATIVE (CO-OP) (Back to top)
A form of ownership where each resident of a multiunit property owns a share in a cooperative corporation that owns the building With each resident having rights to a specific unit within the building
CORPORATE RELOCATION (Back to top)
A situation where a person's employer pays all or some of the expenses associated with moving from one location to another, usually over a substantial distance Relocation expenses often include the amounts, such as brokerage fees, incurred in the selling and buying of the employee's primary residence
COST OF FUNDS INDEX (COFI) (Back to top)
An index of financial institutions costs used to set interest rates for some Adjustable Rate Mortgages
COVENANT (Back to top)
A stipulation in any mortgage that, if not met, can be cause for the lender to foreclose
CREDIT (Back to top)
A loan of money for the purchase of property, real or personal Credit is either secured by an asset, such as a home, or unsecured
CREDIT HISTORY (Back to top)
A record of debt payments, past and present Used by mortgage lenders in determining credit worthiness of individuals
CREDITOR (Back to top)
A person to whom money is owed
CREDIT REPORT (Back to top)
A detailed report of an individuals credit, employment and residence history prepared by a credit bureau Used by lenders to determine credit worthiness of individuals
CREDIT REPOSITORY (Back to top)
Large companies that gather and store financial and credit information about individuals who apply for credit
CUL-DE-SAC (Back to top)
A dead-end street One with only one entrance/exit
DATE OF APPRAISAL (Back to top)
The specific point in time as of which an appraiser designates the value of a home Often stipulated as the date of inspection
DEBT (Back to top)
An obligation to repay some amount owed This may or may not be monetary
DEBT EQUITY RATIO (Back to top)
The ratio of the amount a mortgagor still owes on a property to the amount of equity they have in the home Equity is calculated at the fair-market value of the home, less any outstanding mortgage debt
DEED (Back to top)
A document indicating the ownership of a property
DEED-IN-LIEU (OF FORECLOSURE) (Back to top)
A document given by a borrower to a lender, transferring title of the property Often used to avoid credit-damaging foreclosure procedures
DEED OF TRUST (Back to top)
A document which transfers title in a property to a trustee, whose obligations and powers are stipulated Often used in mortgage transactions
DEED OF RECONVEYANCE (Back to top)
A document which transfers ownership of a property from a Trustee back to a borrower who has fulfilled the obligations of a mortgage
DEED OF RELEASE (Back to top)
A document which dismisses a lien or other claim on a property
DEED OF SURRENDER (Back to top)
A document used to surrender any claim a person has to a property
DEFAULT (Back to top)
The condition in which a borrower has failed to meet the obligations of a loan or mortgage
DELINQUENCY (Back to top)
The state in which a borrow has failed to meet payment obligations on time
DEPOSIT (Back to top)
Cash given along with an offer to purchase property, Also called EARNEST MONEY
DEPRECIATION (Back to top)
The natural decline in property value due to market forces or depletion of resources
DETACHED SINGLE-FAMILY HOME (Back to top)
A single building improvement intended to serve as a home for one family
DISCOUNT POINTS (Back to top)
Points paid in addition to the loan origination fee to get a lower interest rate One point is equal to one percent of the loan amount
DISTRESSED PROPERTY (Back to top)
A mortgaged property which has been foreclosed on
DOWNSPOUT (Back to top)
The pipe that water moves through to reach the ground from the rain gutter
DUE-ON-SALE PROVISION (Back to top)
A clause in a mortgage giving the lender the right to demand payment of the full balance when the borrower sells the property
DUPLEX (Back to top)
A single-building improvement which is divided and provides two units which serve as homes to two families
DWELLING (Back to top)
A house or other building which serves as a home
DOWN PAYMENT (Back to top)
An amount paid in cash for a property, with the intent to mortgage the remaining amount due
EARNEST MONEY DEPOSIT (Back to top)
A cash deposit made to a home seller to secure an offer to buy the property This amount is often forfeited if the buyer decides to withdraw his offer
EASEMENT (Back to top)
The right of a non-owner of property to exert control over a portion or all of the property For example, power companies often own an easement over residential properties for access to their power lines
EAVE (Back to top)
The part of the roof that extends beyond the exterior wall
ECONOMIC DEPRECIATION (Back to top)
The decline in property value caused by external forces, such as neighborhood blight or adverse development
ECONOMIC LIFE (Back to top)
The amount of time which any income-producing property is able to provide benefits to its owner
EFFECTIVE AGE (Back to top)
The subjective, estimated age of a property based on its condition, rather than the actual time since it was built Excessive wear and tear can cause a property's effective age to be greater than its actual age
EMINENT DOMAIN (Back to top)
The legal process whereby a government can take ownership of a piece of property in order to convert it to public use Often, the property owner is paid fair-market value for the property
ENCROACHMENT (Back to top)
A building or other improvement on one property which invades another property or restricts its usage
ENCUMBRANCE (Back to top)
A claim against a property Examples are mortgages, liens and easements
ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO (Back to top)
An efficiency rating system for air conditioning units that corresponds to the number of BTU's output per watt of electricity used
EQUAL CREDIT OPPORTUNITY ACT (ECOA) (Back to top)
US federal law requiring that lenders afford people equal chance of getting credit without discrimination based on race, religion, age, sex etc
EQUITY (Back to top)
The difference between the fair market value of a property and that amount an owner owes on any mortgages or loans secured by the property
EQUITY BUILDUP (Back to top)
The natural increase in the amount of equity an owner has in a property, accumulated through market appreciation and debt repayment
ERRORS AND OMISSIONS INSURANCE (Back to top)
An insurance policy taken out by appraisers to cover their liability for any mistakes made during the appraisal process
ESCROW (Back to top)
An amount retained by a third party in a trust to meet a future obligation Often used in the payment of annual taxes or insurance for real property
ESCROW ACCOUNT (Back to top)
An account setup by a mortgage servicing company to hold funds with which to pay expenses such as homeowners insurance and property taxes An extra amount is paid with regular principal and interest payments that go into the escrow account each month
ESCROW ANALYSIS (Back to top)
An analysis performed by the lender usually once each year to see that the amount of money going into the escrow account each month is correct for the forecasted expenses
ESCROW DISBURSEMENTS (Back to top)
The payout of funds from an escrow account to pay property expenses such as taxes and insurance
ESTATE (Back to top)
The total of all property and assets owned by an individual
EXAMINATION OF TITLE (Back to top)
The report on the title of a property from the public records or an abstract of the title
EXCLUSIVE LISTING (Back to top)
An agreement between the owner of a property and a real estate agent giving the agent exclusive right to sell the property
EXECUTOR (Back to top)
The person named in a will to administer the estate
FACADE (Back to top)
The front exposure of any building Often used to describe an artificial or false front which is not consistent with the construction of the rest of the building
FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT (Back to top)
A federal law regulating the way credit agencies disclose consumer credit reports and the remedies available to consumers for disputing and correcting mistakes on their credit history
FAIR MARKET VALUE (Back to top)
The price at which two unrelated parties, under no duress, are willing to transact business
FANNIE MAE (Back to top)
A private, shareholder-owned company that works to make sure mortgage money is available for people to purchase homes Created by Congress in 1938, Fannie Mae is the nation's largest source of financing for home mortgages
FASCIA (Back to top)
The boards that enclose the eaves
FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION (FDIC) (Back to top)
The US Government agency created in 1933 which maintains the stability of and public confidence in the nation's financial system by insuring deposits and promoting safe and sound banking practices
FEDERAL HOUSING ADMINISTRATION (FHA) (Back to top)
A sub-agency of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development created in the 1930's to facilitate the purchase of homes by low-income, first-time home buyers It currently provides federally-subsidized mortgage insurance for private lenders
FEE APPRAISER (Back to top)
A certified, professional appraiser who forms an opinion of the fair market value of property and receives a set fee in exchange
FEE SIMPLE (Back to top)
A complete, unencumbered ownership right in a piece of property
FEE SIMPLE ESTATE (Back to top)
A form or ownership, or holding title to real estate It is the most complete form of title, having an unconditional and unlimited interest of perpetual duration
FHA MORTGAGE (Back to top)
A mortgage that is insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
FINAL VALUE ESTIMATE (Back to top)
The opinion of value of a piece of property resulting from an appraisal following the USPAP guidelines
FIRST MORTGAGE (Back to top)
The primary loan or mortgage secured by a piece of property
FIXED-RATE MORTGAGE (FRM) (Back to top)
A mortgage which has a fixed rate of interest over the life of the loan
FIXTURE (Back to top)
Any piece of personal property which becomes permanently affixed to a piece of real property
FLASHING (Back to top)
The metal used around the base of roof mounted equipment, or at the junction of angles used to prevent leaking
FLOOD INSURANCE (Back to top)
Supplemental insurance which covers a home owner for any loss due to water damage from a flood Often required by lenders for homes located in FEMA-designated flood zones
FLOOR PLAN (Back to top)
The representation of a building which shows the basic outline of the structure, as well as detailed information about the positioning of rooms, hallways, doors, stairs and other features Often includes detailed information about other fixtures and amenities
FLUE (Back to top)
The furnace exhaust pipe, usually going through the roof
FLUSH VALVE (Back to top)
The valve between the toilet bowl and the tank
FOOTING (Back to top)
The partially buried support for a vertical structural member such as a post
FORECLOSURE (Back to top)
The process whereby a lender can claim the property used by a borrower to secure a mortgage and sell the property to meet the obligations of the loan
FORFEITURE (Back to top)
The loss of property or money due to the failure to meet the obligations of a mortgage or loan secured by that property
FOUNDATION (Back to top)
The solid structural element upon which a structure is built
FRONTAGE (Back to top)
The segment of a property that runs along a point of access, such as a street or water front
FUNCTIONAL OBSOLESCENCE (Back to top)
A decrease in the value of property due to a feature or lack thereof which renders the property undesirable Functional obsolescence can also occur when the surrounding area changes, rendering the property unusable for its originally intended purpose
GABLE ROOF (Back to top)
A steeply angled, triangular roof
GALVANIZED PIPE (Back to top)
Iron pipe with a galvanized (zinc) coating
GAMBREL ROOF (Back to top)
A ''barn-like'' roof, where the upper portion of the roof is less-steeply angled than the lower part
GENERAL LIEN (Back to top)
A broad-based claim against several properties owned by a defaulting party
GEORGIAN (Back to top)
A classic, English-style hose characterized by simple rectangular shape and multiple stories
GFI (Back to top)
Ground Fault Interrupter A type of circuit breaker required in areas where water is present
GINNIE MAE (Back to top)
A wholly owned corporation created in 1968 within the US Department of Housing and Urban Development to serve low-to moderate-income homebuyers
GIRDER (Back to top)
A main supporting beam
GOVERNMENT MORTGAGE (Back to top)
Any mortgage insured by a government agency, such as the FHA or VA
GRADE (Back to top)
The slope of land around a building Also ground level
GRANTEE (Back to top)
Any person who is given ownership of a piece of property
GRANTOR (Back to top)
Any person who gives away ownership of a piece of property
GROSS AREA (Back to top)
The sum total of all floor space, including areas such as stairways and closet space Often measured based on external wall lengths
GROUTING (Back to top)
Material used around ceramic tile
GUTTER (Back to top)
The trough around the edge of the roof that catches and diverts rain
HALF-SECTION (Back to top)
320 acres
HAZARD INSURANCE (Back to top)
Insurance covering damage to a property caused by hazards such as fire, wind and accident
HEADER (Back to top)
The framing elements above an opening such as a window or door
HEARTH (Back to top)
The floor of a fireplace or the area immediately in front of it
HEIGHT ZONING (Back to top)
A municipal restriction on the maximum height of any building or other structure
HIDDEN AMENITIES (Back to top)
Assets of a property which contribute to its value, but are not readily apparent Examples might include upgraded or premium building materials
HIGHEST AND BEST USE (Back to top)
The most profitable and likely use of a property Selected from reasonably probable and legal alternative uses, which are found to be physically possible, appropriately supported and financially feasible to result in the highest possible land value
HOME EQUITY CONVERSION MORTGAGE (HECM) (Back to top)
Also known as a reverse annuity mortgage It allows home owners (usually older) to convert equity in the home into cash Normally paid by the lender in monthly payments HECM's typically do not have to be repaid until the borrower is no longer occupying the home
HOME EQUITY LINE OF CREDIT (Back to top)
A type of mortgage loan that allows the borrower to draw cash against the equity in his home
HOME INSPECTION (Back to top)
A complete examination of a building to determine its structural integrity and uncover any defects in materials or workmanship which may adversely affect the property or decrease its value
HOME INSPECTOR (Back to top)
A person who performs professional home inspections Usually, with an extensive knowledge of house construction methods, common house problems, how to identify those problems and how to correct them
HOMEOWNER'S ASSOCIATION (Back to top)
An organization of home owners in a particular neighborhood or development formed to facilitate the maintenance of common areas and to enforce any building restrictions or covenants
HOMEOWNER'S INSURANCE (Back to top)
A policy which covers a home owner for any loss of property due to accident, intrusion or hazard
HOMEOWNER'S WARRANTY (Back to top)
An insurance policy covering the repair of systems and appliances within the home for the coverage period
HUD MEDIAN INCOME (Back to top)
Median family income for a particular county or metropolitan statistical area (MSA), as estimated by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
HUD-1 STATEMENT (Back to top)
A standardized, itemized list, published by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), of all anticipated CLOSING COSTS connected with a particular property purchase
IMPROVED LAND (Back to top)
Any parcel of land which has been changed from its natural state through the creation of roads, buildings or other structures
IMPROVEMENTS (Back to top)
Any item added to vacant land with the intent of increasing its value or usability
IMPROVEMENT RATIO (Back to top)
The comparative value of an improved piece of land to its natural, unaltered state
INCOME APPROACH (Back to top)
The process of estimating the value of property by considering the present value of a stream of income generated by the property
INCOME PROPERTY (Back to top)
A piece of property whose highest and best use is the generation of income through rents or other sources
INDEPENDENT APPRAISAL (Back to top)
An estimation of value created by a professional, certified appraiser with no vested interest in the value of the property
INSPECTION (Back to top)
The examination of a piece of property, its buildings or other amenities
INSURABLE TITLE (Back to top)
The title to property which has been sufficiently reviewed by a title insurance company, such that they are willing to insure it as free and clear
INTEREST RATE (Back to top)
A percentage of a loan or mortgage value that is paid to the lender as compensation for loaning funds
INVESTMENT PROPERTY (Back to top)
Any piece of property that is expected to generate a financial return This may come as the result of periodic rents or through appreciation of the property value over time
JAMB (Back to top)
The side of a door frame
JOINT TENANCY (Back to top)
A situation where two or more parties own a piece of property together Each of the owners has an equal share, and may not dispose of or alter that share without the consent of the other owners
JOISTS (Back to top)
Horizontal beams laid on edge to support flooring or a ceiling
JUDGMENT (Back to top)
An official court decision If the judgment requires payment from one party to another, the court may put a lien against the payee's property as collateral
JUDICIAL FORECLOSURE (Back to top)
A type of foreclosure conducted as a civil suit in a court of law
JUMBO LOAN (Back to top)
A mortgage loan for an amount greater than the limits set by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Often called non-conforming loans
LALLY COLUMN (Back to top)
A concrete filled steel pipe used to support beams
LATE CHARGE (Back to top)
An extra charge, or penalty added to a regular mortgage payment when the payment is made late by an amount of time specified in the original loan document
LATENT DEFECTS (Back to top)
Any defect in a piece of property which is not readily apparent, but which has an impact of the value Structural damage or termite infestation would be examples of latent defects
LEASE (Back to top)
A contract between a property owner and a tenant specifying the payment amount, terms and conditions, as well as the length of time the contract will be in force
LEASEHOLD ESTATE (Back to top)
A type of property ''ownership'' where the buyer actually has a long-term lease on the property
LEASE OPTION (Back to top)
A lease agreement that gives the tenant an option to buy the property Usually, a portion of the regular monthly rent payment will be applied towards the down payment
LEGAL DESCRIPTION (Back to top)
The description of a piece of property, identifying its specific location in terms established by the municipality or other jurisdiction in which the property resides Often related in specific distances from a known landmark or intersection
LENDER (Back to top)
The person or entity who loans funds to a buyer In return, the lender will receive periodic payments, including principal and interest amounts
LIABILITIES (Back to top)
A person's outstanding debt obligations
LIABILITY INSURANCE (Back to top)
Insurance that covers against potential lawsuit brought against a property owner for alleged negligence resulting in damage to another party
LIEN (Back to top)
Any claim against a piece of property resulting from a debt or other obligation
LIFE CAP (Back to top)
A limit on how far the interest rate can move for an Adjustable Rate Mortgage
LIKE-KIND PROPERTY (Back to top)
Any property which is substantially similar to another property
LINE OF CREDIT (Back to top)
An extension of credit for a certain amount for a specific amount of time To be used by the borrower at his discretion
LIQUID ASSET (Back to top)
Any asset which can be quickly converted into cash at little or no cost, or cash itself
LOAN (Back to top)
Money borrowed, to be repaid with interest, according to the specific terms and conditions of the loan
LOAN OFFICER (Back to top)
A person that "sells" loans, representing the lender to the borrower, and the borrower to the lender
LOAN ORIGINATION (Back to top)
How a lender refers to the process of writing new loans
LOAN SERVICING (Back to top)
The processing of payments, mailing of monthly statements, management and disbursement of escrow funds etc Typically carried out by the company you make payments to
LOAN-TO-VALUE RATIO (LTV) (Back to top)
The comparison of the amount owed on a mortgaged property to its fair market value
LOCK-IN (Back to top)
An agreement between a lender and a borrower, guaranteeing an interest rate for a loan if the loan is closed within a certain amount of time
LOCK-IN PERIOD (Back to top)
The amount of time the lender has guaranteed an interest rate to a borrower
MAJOR DEFICIENCY (Back to top)
A deficiency that strongly impacts the usability and habitability of a house Or a deficiency that may be very expensive to repair
MANUFACTURED HOUSING (Back to top)
Once known as ''mobile homes,'' manufactured housing is any building which has been constructed off site, then moved onto a piece of real property
MARGIN (Back to top)
The difference between the interest rate and the index on an adjustable rate mortgage
MARGINAL LAND (Back to top)
Land whose value has been diminished due to some internal defect or external condition In most cases, the cost to correct the flaw or condition is as much or more than the expected return from the property
MASTER ASSOCIATION (Back to top)
An umbrella organization that is made up of multiple, smaller home owner's associations Often found in very large developments or condominium projects
MATURITY (Back to top)
The date on which the principal balance of a financial instrument becomes due and payable
MERGED CREDIT REPORT (Back to top)
A credit report derived from data obtained from multiple credit agencies
METES AND BOUNDS (Back to top)
A traditional way of describing property, generally expressed in terms of distance from a known landmark or intersection, and then following the boundaries of the property back to its origin
METROPOLITAN AREA (Back to top)
The accumulated land in and around a city or other municipality which falls under the political and economic influence of that entity
MINERAL RIGHTS (Back to top)
The legal right to exploit and enjoy the benefits of any minerals located below the surface of a parcel of land
MISREPRESENTATION (Back to top)
A statement by one party in a transaction that is incorrect or misleading Most misrepresentations are deemed to be intentional and thus may constitute fraud Others, however, some are rendered through simple mistakes, oversights or negligence
MORTGAGE (Back to top)
A financial arrangement wherein an individual borrows money to purchase real property and secures the loan with the property as collateral
MORTGAGE BANKER (Back to top)
A financial institution that provides primary and secondary mortgages to home buyers
MORTGAGE BROKER (Back to top)
A person or organization that serves as a middleman to facilitate the mortgage process Brokers often represent multiple mortgage bankers and offer the most appropriate deal to each buyer
MORTGAGEE (Back to top)
The entity that lends money in a real estate transaction
MORTGAGE INSURANCE (Back to top)
A policy that fulfills those obligations of a mortgage when the policy holder defaults or is no longer able to make payments
MORTGAGE INSURANCE PREMIUM (MIP) (Back to top)
A fee that is often included in mortgage payments that pays for mortgage insurance coverage
MORTGAGE LIFE INSURANCE (Back to top)
A policy that fulfills the obligations of a mortgage when the policy holder dies
MORTGAGOR (Back to top)
The entity that borrows money in a real estate transaction
MULTI-FAMILY PROPERTIES (Back to top)
Any collection of buildings that are designed and built to support the habitation of more than four families
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MASTER APPRAISERS (NAMA) (Back to top)
A non profit professional association organized in 1982, dedicated to the advancement of professionalism in real estate appraisal
NATIONAL SOCIETY OF REAL ESTATE APPRAISERS (Back to top)
An organization founded in 1956 which promotes standards of professionalism in its members
NATURAL VACANCY RATE (Back to top)
The percentage of vacant properties in a given area that is the result of natural turnover and market forces
NEGATIVE AMORTIZATION (Back to top)
When the balance of a loan increases instead of decreases Usually due to a borrower making a minimum payment on an Adjustable Rate Mortgage during a period when the rate fluctuates to a high enough point that the minimum payment does not cover all of the interest
NEIGHBORHOOD LIFE-CYCLE (Back to top)
The evolution of neighborhood use and demographics over time Economic fluctuations, municipal zoning changes and population shifts can effect the life cycle
NEIGHBORHOOD (Back to top)
A subsection of a municipality that has been designated by a developer, economic forces or physical formations
NET LEASABLE AREA (Back to top)
The space in a development, outside of the common areas, that can be rented to tenants
NEW ENGLAND COLONIAL (Back to top)
An architectural style dating from early American history typified by a two-story building with clapboard siding
NO-COST LOAN (Back to top)
Many lenders offer loans that you can obtain at "no cost" You should inquire whether this means there are no "lender" costs associated with the loan, or if it also covers the other costs you would normally have in a purchase or refinance transactions, such as title insurance, escrow fees, settlement fees, appraisal, recording fees, notary fees, and others These are fees and costs which may be associated with buying a home or obtaining a loan, but not charged directly by the lender Keep in mind that, like a "no-point" loan, the interest rate will be higher than if you obtain a loan that has costs associated with it
NO-POINT LOAN (Back to top)
A loan with no "points" The interest rate on such a loan will be higher than a loan with points paid Also sometimes refers to a refinance loan where closing costs are included in the loan
NON-CONFORMING USE (Back to top)
The use of land for purposes contrary to the applicable municipal zoning specifications Often occurs when zoning changes after a property is in use
NONLIQUID ASSET (Back to top)
Any asset which can not be quickly converted into cash at little or no cost
NOTE (Back to top)
A legal document that obligates a borrower to repay a mortgage loan at a stated interest rate during a specified period of time
NOTE RATE (Back to top)
The interest rate stated on a mortgage note
NOTICE OF DEFAULT (Back to top)
Formal written notice from a lender to a borrower that default has occurred
OBSOLESCENCE (Back to top)
The process of an assets value diminishing due to the development of more desirable alternatives or because of the degradation of its capabilities
OCCUPANCY (Back to top)
A physical presence within and control of a property
OCCUPANCY RATE (Back to top)
The percentage of properties in a given area that are occupied
OCTOPUS RECEPTACLE Back to top
An outlet with too many devices plugged into it, using a power strip or other device to multiply the outlets
OFF-SITE IMPROVEMENTS (Back to top)
Buildings, structures or other amenities which are not located on a piece of property, but are necessary to maximize the use of the property or in some way contribute to the value of the property
OFF-STREET PARKING (Back to top)
Designated parking spaces associated with a particular building or other structure which are not located on public streets
OLD TERMITE ACTIVITY (Back to top)
Where no termites are currently active, but indications of past activity can be seen
ON-SITE IMPROVEMENTS (Back to top)
Buildings, structures or other amenities that are erected on a piece of property and contribute to its value
OPEN SPACE (Back to top)
Any land which has not had any significant buildings or structures erected on it Most often used to describe desirable neighborhood features like parks
OPEN SPLICE (Back to top)
An uncovered electrical connection
ORIGINAL EQUITY (Back to top)
The amount of cash a home buyer initially invests in the home
ORIGINAL PRINCIPAL BALANCE (Back to top)
The total amount of principal owed on a mortgage loan at the time of closing
ORIGINATION FEE (Back to top)
Refers to the total number of points paid by a borrower at closing
OWNER FINANCING (Back to top)
A transaction where the property owner provides all or part of the financing
OWNER OCCUPIED (Back to top)
The state of property wherein the owner occupies at least some portion of the property
PARGING (Back to top)
The cement coat applied to block foundations
PARTIAL INTEREST (Back to top)
A shared ownership in a piece of property May be divided among two or more parties
PARTIAL PAYMENT (Back to top)
A payment of less than the regular monthly amount Usually, a lender will not accept partial payments
PERIODIC PAYMENT CAP (Back to top)
The limit on how much regular monthly payments on an Adjustable Rate Mortgage can change during one adjustment period
PERIODIC RATE CAP (Back to top)
The limit on how much the interest rate on an Adjustable Rate Mortgage can change during any one adjustment period
PERSONAL PROPERTY (Back to top)
Owned items which are not permanently affixed to the land
PERSONAL RESIDENCE (Back to top)
The primary domicile of a person or family
PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT (PUD) (Back to top)
A coordinated, real estate development where common areas are shared and maintained by an owner's association or other entity
PLAT (Back to top)
A plan or chart of a piece of land which lays out existing or planned streets, lots or other improvements
POINT (Back to top)
A percentage of a mortgage amount (one point = 1 percent)
PRE-APPROVAL (Back to top)
The process of applying for a mortgage loan and becoming approved for a certain amount at a certain interest rate before a property has been chosen Pre-approval allows the borrower greater freedom in negotiations with sellers
PREFABRICATED (Back to top)
Any building or portion thereof which is manufactured and assembled off site, then erected on a property
PREPAYMENT (Back to top)
Payment made that reduces the principal balance of a loan before the due date and before the loan has become fully amortized
PREPAYMENT PENALTY (Back to top)
A fee that may be charged to a borrower who pays off a loan before it is due
PRE-QUALIFICATION (Back to top)
Less formal that pre-approval, pre-qualification usually means a written statement from a loan officer indicating his or her opinion that the borrower will be able to become approved for a mortgage loan
PRIME RATE (Back to top)
The interest rate that banks and other lending institutions charge other banks or preferred customers
PRINCIPAL (Back to top)
The amount owed on a mortgage which does not include interest or other fees
PRINCIPAL BALANCE (Back to top)
The outstanding balance of principal on a mortgage Does not included interest due
PRINCIPAL, INTEREST, TAXES, AND INSURANCE (PITI) (Back to top)
The most common constituents of a monthly mortgage payment
PRIVATE MORTGAGE INSURANCE (PMI) (Back to top)
A form of mortgage insurance provided by private, non-government entities Nor |